In Persian, like many other languages, there are three voices, passive, active and Middle. In Persian, Middle voice, like passive voice, is a structure consisting of a one-place predicate. Middle verbs are morphologically active and semantically passive. The purpose of this article is to describe the properties of Middle construction in Persian and to explore the derivation of Middle as a transitive structure within the framework of the latest version of Generative Grammar.

Nowadays in our turbulent and stormy world what can undertake the developing life of organizations and governments are just powerful and efficient managers. Efficient and competent managers should have been trained to have efficient and effective management systems. Perfect framework is needed for training and developing consequently. We can reach to the goal and strategies of the organizations and governments. in other side governmental organizations like private organizations involve many big changes so we can not hope to static models of management development. Therefore new flexible models are needed which consider different environmental variant and organizational policies and necessary advises according to environmental changes. The goal of this study is planning and advising mentioned contingency model. Therefore Dr. Johnson typology model with four kind of developing management were selected. Then many other competency models from governmental organizations in different countries were studied. With applying comparative study, similarities and differences point defined. In operational part of this study with defining and describing deferent part of four kind of developing management and with presenting different competency, expert group are requested to defined appropriate competencies for each type of developing management according to their priority.Collected data analyzed and appropriate competencies for each type of management development worked out.

Background & object: analyzing the appointment process of NAJA logistic Middle managers.Materials & method: this is an operational research with descriptive-analytic method and the data had been gathered through questionnaire after testing them by Cronbach's alpha index. The statistics analyzer is one of the NAJA logistic managers or deputies of logistic departments of provinces and independent units which has 17 or 18 independent stations. The premier statistical population included 62 persons that the only 32 of them filled the questionnaire completely; as a result this number had been regarded as a sample. The hypothesis had been assessed through inferential statistics, Friedman Tests, and T-test.Results: the results reveal that the importance of applying scientific processes of identification, assessment, and selection in appointment of logistic Middle managers is developing.Recommendations: organizations with professional employees need expert managers that had been appointed through scientific processes as one of the main goals of organization's strategies.Therefore, it is recommended to apply scientific processes of 1) Identification of managerial jobs on the basis of general competency, 2) Assessing the candidates on the basis of professional competency, and 3) selecting the most competent manager according to achieved grades to increase level of success and beneficial organizational behaviors.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Organizational culture and managers' personal attitudes play a crucial role in conducting change initiatives, especially strategic change. In this regard, Middle managers' commitment to change is of great importance and cynicism is the biggest obstacle in forming this commitment. In the present study, it is investigated whether organizational justice dimensions, senior management support for change and participation in decisionmaking bear any relationship to Middle managers' strategic commitment, and then the moderating effect of change cynicism on these relationships is explored. To this end, data were collected from 334 Middle managers of ICT companies across Iran, and analyzed using structural equation modeling. According to the results, change cynicism fully moderated the relationships distributive and interactional justice bore to strategic commitment and partially reduced the positive effects of senior management support. Results also indicated cynicism had no effect on relationships procedural justice and participation bore to strategic commitment.